안녕하세요. Lucia입니다.
말씀하신 한국에서의 대안학교라는 개념의 미국 학교로는 Charter School와 Homeschool이 가장 가까울 것 같다는 생각입니다. Homeschool을 자택에서 학생들을 교육시키는 시스템이지만 요즘 미국에서는 Charter School보다는 훨씬 보편적으로 하는 대체 교육 system이라고 생각됩니다.
Naver에서 Charter School을 검색하시면 필요하신 정보를 찾으실 수 있을 것입니다.
다른 분들을 위해서 참고 자료를 복사해서 넣어두었습니다.
차터스쿨 (Charter School)
미국의 각 주정부의 예산으로 설립되지만 학교에게 독립적 권한을 주어 자율적으로 운영되는 공립학교 입니다. 커리큘럼을 학교가 자율적으로 정할 수 있는등 사립학교의 장점을 살린 새로운 형태의 공립학교입니다.
차터스쿨은 마그넷스쿨과 함께 미국연방정부의 공교육 개혁프로그램의 상징입니다. 현재까지는 각종 평가자료에 의하여 성공적이라는 평을 받고 있지만 역설적으로 학교평가에서 상대적으로 낮게 평가되어 폐교위기에 처한 공립학교 교사들의 거센 반발에 부딪어 있습니다. 일자리를 빼앗긴다는 위기감때문입니다.
현실적으로 정부예산의 한계로 높은 학비를 거두어들이는 사립학교만큼 충분한 재정을 보장되기 어렵지만 매년 평가성적에 따라서 주정부로부터 차등지원을 받고 있어 기존의 공립학교와는 확연한 차별성을 갖고 있습니다. 또한 연방정부의 각종 포상성격의 예산도 주어져 사립학교만큼의 경쟁구도에서 빠르게 발전하고 있습니다.
공립학교는 정부의 평가기준과 학생과 학부모의 반응이 가장 중요한데 정부는 성공적인 정책으로 확신을 갖고 확산해 나가고 있으며 학부모들에게도 대단한 호응을 얻고 있어 입학경쟁율이 치열합니다.
미국은 전체적으로는 자타가 공인하는 세계최고의 교육선진국임에도 그동안 다른 선진국에 비하여 상대적으로 열악한 공교육시스템 때문에 연방정부차원에서 많은 정책을 수립해 오고 있습니다. 그중 가장 성공한공교육정책으로 평가받고 있어 향후에도 지속적으로 확산될것으로 예상됩니다.
[출처] 네이버 오픈사전
http://kin.naver.com/open100/detail.nhn?d1id=11&dirId=110601&docId=1320218&qb=Y2hhcnRlciBTY2hvb2w=&enc=utf8§ion=kin&rank=4&search_sort=0&spq=0&pid=SMLQ4loRR2ZssubeLIdsssssst0-010535&sid=VONfIgoUU2EAACGRNCI
Charter schools in the United States offer primary or secondary education without charge to pupils who take state-mandated exams.[1] These charter schools are subject to fewer rules, regulations, and statutes than traditional state schools, but receive less public funding than public schools, typically a fixed amount per pupil. There are both non-profit and for-profit charter schools, and only non-profit charters can receive donations from private sources.[2]
The number of American charter schools has grown from 500 in 16 states and the District of Columbia[when?] to an estimated 6,400 in 2013-14. Over 600 new public charter schools (7%) opened, serving an additional 288,000 students (13%), totaling 2.5 million students. By contrast, some 200 schools closed, for reasons including low enrollment, financial concerns and low academic performance.[3] Waiting lists grew from an average of 233 in 2009 to 277 in 2012, with places allocated by lottery.[5]They educate the majority of children in New Orleans Public Schools.[6] Charter schools may provide a specialized curriculum (for example in arts, mathematics, or vocational training), however others aim to provide a better and more cost-efficient general education than nearby non-charter public schools. Charter schools are attended by choice.[7]
They may be founded by teachers, parents, or activists[8] although state-authorized charters (schools not chartered by local school districts) are often established bynon-profit groups, universities, or government entities.[9] School districts may permit corporations to manage multiple charter schools. The first charter school law was inMinnesota in 1991.
They sometimes face opposition from local boards, state education agencies, and unions. Public-school advocates assert that charter schools are designed to compete with public schools in a destructive and harmful manner rather than work in harmony with them.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_schools_in_the_United_States
Home schooling[edit]
In 2014, approximately 1.5 million children were homeschooled, up 84% from 1999 when the U.S. Department of Education first started keeping statistics. This was 2.9% of all children.[63]
Many select moral or religious reasons for homeschooling their children. The second main category is unschooling, those who prefer a non-standard approach to education.[63]
Most homeschooling advocates are wary of the established educational institutions for various reasons. Some are religious conservatives who see nonreligious education as contrary to their moral or religious systems, or who wish to add religious instruction to the educational curriculum (and who may be unable to afford a church-operated private school or where the only available school may teach views contrary to those of the parents). Others feel that they can more effectively tailor a curriculum to suit an individual student's academic strengths and weaknesses, especially those with singular needs or disabilities. Still others feel that the negative social pressures of schools (such as bullying, drugs, crime, sex, and other school-related problems) are detrimental to a child's proper development. Parents often form groups to help each other in the homeschooling process, and may even assign classes to different parents, similar to public and private schools.
Opposition to homeschooling comes from varied sources, including teachers' organizations and school districts. The National Education Association, the largest labor union in the United States, has been particularly vocal in the past.[64] Opponents' stated concerns fall into several broad categories, including fears of poor academic quality, and lack of socialization with others. At this time, over half of states have oversight into monitoring or measuring the academic progress of home schooled students, with all but ten requiring some form of notification to the state.[65]
