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Evaluate the extent to which the Portuguese transformed maritime trade in the Indian Ocean Trade in the 16th century

By the 16th century, the Europeans had started to sail to the other countries as the purpose of trade, religion, and for their glory. This exploration was the begging of the popular theory mercantilism, which is a theory that stresses governments’ promotion of limitation of imports from other nations. The first European country that began the exploration was the Portuguese. Vasco de Gama, a Portuguese sailor, reached India at 1478 and their intervention on the Indian Ocean Trade had begun. They wanted to have a monopoly on the Indian Ocean trade and started to have a great influence on the trade. Although the Portuguese had unattractive items compared to the Muslims, they established foreign policy and regulated other countries to join the Indian Ocean Trade by using force. Therefore, the Portuguese had greatly transformed the Indian Ocean Trade.

One primary reason for the impact of Portuguese on the Indian Ocean Trade was because they regulated other countries to join the Indian Ocean Trade. The Muslim traders of Calicut felt the Portuguese traders as the enemies and that their main purpose of joining the Indian Ocean Trade is not to trade but to take over Calicut and other cities that are primary to the Indian Ocean Trade (Doc 1). Document 1’s historical background is that the Portuguese are planning to go to India for the second time and the Muslim countries are concerned about their movement. The Portuguese made the Muslim countries worry about Portuguese active movement in Indian Ocean trade and it had taken away the total freedom the Muslim traders had on the Indian Ocean trade. Alauddin Riayat Syah al-Kahar also argued that the Portuguese were the threat to the Muslims and the Indian Ocean trade and he wrote a letter to the Ottoman sultan Suleiman I to get support for defending from the Portuguese. The letter said that the Portuguese had taken over all the channels, which were necessary to go through in order to join the trade, and also sink some ships with their canons if the traders didn’t listen to them (doc 2). Portuguese’s attack of the Muslim traders means that the Portuguese had broken the peace of the trade, which is very important to keep a good relationship between the traders. Vasco de Gama, the Portuguese explorer, had been cruel when he went to India to join the Indian Ocean trade. He had brought his warship to the trade and had actually tortured and killed some Muslim traders to show their power in order to take over the Indian Ocean trade. This shows that the Portuguese had used their strong power to change the Indian Ocean trade as how they wanted. The Portuguese had used their power to get as the most benefit as they could from the Indian Ocean Trade. Even though the Muslim thought the Portuguese traders were a threat to them, exported Inlaid box made of teak, ebony, and other precious hardwoods, which ivory details (doc 5). This means that because the Portuguese had used their great power, the Muslim traders had no choice but to export items with good quality. This made the Indian Ocean Trade be only beneficial to the Portuguese.

The other way how the Portuguese had greatly transformed the Indian Ocean Trade was by establishing the foreign policy to intervene in the Indian Ocean Trades. The travel narrative published by Duarte Barbosa explained that the Muslim traders were getting a lot of advantages from the Indian Ocean Trader until the king of Portugal made himself master there, which made most of the Muslim traders leave Calicut (doc 2). The Portugal’s plan on making the king of Portugal also the king of cities in India had greatly changed the Indian Ocean Trade because this movement caused the original traders to move out of Indin Ocean trade. The European countries, including the Portuguese, had established a policy called the East India Company. The East India Company was established for Europeans to control the Indian Ocean Trade with more ease. This policy changed the active traders of the Indian Ocean Trade from Muslims to Europeans. A Portuguese court official also argued with his letter that said that Portuguese should conclude a peace treaty and establish free trade with the Ottoman Empire, whose audience was to King Sebastian. The Portuguese court official said that the peace treaty will turn to the advantage that the Muslim traders are getting into the Portuguese. This policy made the subject of one who got the most benefit from the Indian Ocean Trade.